The electric rays are a group of batoid, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged , composing the order Torpediniformes . They are known for being capable of electrogenesis, ranging from 8 to 220 , depending on species, used to stun prey and for defense.
Perhaps the best known members are those of the genus Torpedo. The torpedo undersea weapon is named after it. The name comes from the Latin torpere, 'to be stiffened or paralyzed', from the effect on someone who touches the fish.
Description
Electric rays have a rounded pectoral disc with two moderately large rounded-angular (not pointed or hooked)
(reduced in some
Narcinidae), and a stout muscular tail with a well-developed
caudal fin. The body is thick and flabby, with soft loose skin with no
or thorns. A pair of
kidney-shaped electric organs are at the base of the pectoral fins. The snout is broad, large in the Narcinidae, but reduced in all other families. The mouth,
, and five pairs of
are underneath the disc.
Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least deep. They are sluggish and slow-moving, propelling themselves with their tails, not by using their pectoral fins as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.
Relationship to humans
History of research
The electrogenic properties of electric rays have been known since antiquity, although their nature was not understood. The ancient Greeks used electric rays to numb the pain of
childbirth and operations.
In his dialogue
Meno,
Plato has the character Meno accuse
Socrates of "stunning" people with his puzzling questions, in a manner similar to the way the
common torpedo stuns with electricity.
Scribonius Largus, a Roman physician, recorded the use of torpedo fish for treatment of
and
gout in his
Compositiones Medicae of 46 AD.
In the 1770s the electric organs of the torpedo ray were the subject of Royal Society papers by John Walsh,
In folklore
The torpedo fish, or electric ray, appears continuously in premodern natural histories as a magical creature, and its ability to numb fishermen without seeming to touch them was a significant source of evidence for the belief in
occult qualities in nature during the ages before the discovery of electricity as an explanatory mode.
Bioelectricity
The electric rays have specialised electric organs. Many species of rays and skates outside the family have electric organs in the tail; however, the electric ray has two large kidney-shaped electric organs on each side of its head, where current passes from the lower to the upper surface of the body. The nerves that signal the organ to discharge branch repeatedly, then attach to the lower side of each plaque in the batteries.
These are composed of hexagonal columns, closely packed in a honeycomb formation. Each column consists of 500 to more than 1000 plaques of modified striated muscle, adapted from the
Branchial arch (gill arch) muscles.
In marine fish, these batteries are connected as a parallel circuit, whereas freshwater batteries are arranged in series. This allows freshwater rays to transmit discharges of higher voltage, as freshwater cannot conduct electricity as well as saltwater.
With such a battery, an electric ray may electrocute larger prey with a voltage of between 8 volts in some narcinids to 220 volts in
Torpedo nobiliana, the Atlantic torpedo.
Systematics
The 60 or so species of electric rays are grouped into 12 genera and two families.
The Narkinae are sometimes elevated to a family, the Narkidae. The torpedinids feed on large prey, which are stunned using their electric organs and swallowed whole, while the narcinids specialize on small prey on or in the bottom substrate. Both groups use electricity for defense, but it is unclear whether the narcinids use electricity in feeding.
[Compagno, Leonard J.V. and Heemstra, Phillip C. (May 2007) " Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy". Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin 7: 15–49. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.]
Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes lists classifies the following families in the Torpediniformes:
See also
